Breast Cancer Patients

September 29, 2011 (Stockholm, Sweden) — Tumor hormone-receptor and HER2 status can change in breast cancer patients during the course of their disease. Because these changes can significantly influence survival and can completely change the patient's clinical management, these patients should undergo regular biopsies, according to a new study.
The results of that study, presented here at the 2011 European Multidisciplinary Cancer Congress (EMCC), showed that there is substantial tumor instability during tumor progression.
"For example, we saw that 1 in 3 breast cancer patients alter estrogen or progesterone hormone-receptor status, and 15% of patients change human epidermal growth-factor receptor 2, or HER2, status during the course of disease," explained lead author Linda Lindström, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow from the Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Estrogen-receptor (ER) status, which was assessed in the primary tumor and after the first relapse, showed a change in 32.4% of patients. Similar results were observed for progesterone-receptor (PR) status, and tumor changes were noted 40.7% of patients.
The researchers observed a change in HER2 status from the primary tumor to the first relapse in 14.5% of patients.
These data emphasize the importance of regular biopsies in patients who relapse, she told Medscape Medical News.
A similar pattern was seen in patients who experienced multiple consecutive relapses. In this group, ER, PR, and HER2 status changed in 33.6%, 30.2%, and 15.7% of patients, respectively.
Building on Evidence
Several recent small studies have suggested that the HER2 and hormone-receptor status of the relapsed tumor can be different than the status of the original lesion. In such cases, treatment options that were effective in the primary cancer might not be optimal for the relapsed/metastatic disease.
A study presented at the 2008 annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, as previously reported by Medscape Medical News, showed that 45 of 160 samples (11%) exhibited changes in receptor status. Of this group, 11 (7%) were local recurrences and 34 (21%) were regional or distant relapses.
Findings published in the Annals of Oncology (2010; 21:1254-1261) showed a much higher proportion of changes in these key receptors than has been previously reported. In that study, differences between nodal tumor tissue and primary breast cancer was seen in 46.9% of the patients with metastatic disease. In addition, many of the differences in expression between the primary tumor and the node were "large-magnitude (>5-fold) changes," those researchers noted.
Multiple Changes Seen

Dr. Linda Lindström

Dr. Lindström explained that her team conducted the first sizeable study to look at changes in tumors in multiple relapses in breast cancer patients, analyzing data on nearly 500 women. "Our aim was to assess ER, PR, and HER2 status throughout tumor progression, and specifically to understand how they change in relapsed disease."
The researchers evaluated breast cancer patients in the Stockholm healthcare region who experienced a disease recurrence from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2007.
In 459, 430, and 104 patients, ER, PR, and HER2 status, respectively, was assessed in the primary tumor and after first relapse. Information on ER, PR, and HER2 status in multiple consecutive relapses was evaluated in 119, 116, and 32 patients, respectively.
ER status changed in almost 34% of a cohort of 119 women, and between the different sites of relapse (local, loco-regional, and metastases). ER-positive status remained stable in 36.1% of patients, and ER-negative status remained stable in 30.3%. However, ER status changed from positive to negative in 16.0% during the course of their disease, changed from negative to positive in 12.6%, and alternated between positive and negative in 5%.
"In the clinical setting, the implication of estrogen-receptor instability is important," said Dr. Lindström. "The loss of estrogen receptor generally means resistance to hormonal therapy; these patients would benefit from a change in therapy."
"An estrogen-receptor gain would introduce an additional choice of therapy, which in some patients could lead to tumor response and improved survival in the metastatic setting," she explained.
Changes in receptor status appeared to adversely affect outcome, Dr. Lindström pointed out. Women with ER-positive primary tumors that switched to ER-negative status had an approximately 2-fold increased risk of dying, compared with those with stable ER-positive tumors.
The data suggest that hormonal therapy promotes changes in ER status during disease progression. The researchers stratified the intrapatient ER status in primary tumor and relapse according to the treatment they received: none, adjuvant hormonal therapy or chemotherapy, or a combination of both. One third of patients who received hormonal therapy lost ER expression when their disease relapsed, whereas only 1 of 10 untreated patients experienced altered ER status.
In addition, only a few patients who gained ER had received hormonal therapy. Conversely, in the those who received chemotherapy alone or no treatment, the proportion who gained ER status was 3 times greater.
Need to Do Biopsies
The technology is moving forward, and "we really need to do biopsies and stratification," said Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale, PhD, cochair of the EMCC scientific program and moderator of the press briefing where the findings were presented. "We need to do this to correctly treat our patients."
Rob Coleman, MBBS, MD, professor of medical oncology at the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, noted that in the United Kingdom, "not been enough biopsies were done."
"But there is an increasing uptake of biopsies," said Dr. Coleman, who was not involved with the study. "We are moving in that direction."
2011 European Multidisciplinary Cancer Congress (EMCC): Abstract 5024. Presented September 25, 2011.

Breast Cancer Lumps

Eight out of 10 lumps that women may feel in their breasts are benign (not cancerous). A benign lump can be a collection of normal or hyperactive breast gland cells, or it may be a water-filled sac (cyst).
In any event, if you feel a lump and you're worried about it, DON'T HESITATE TO SEE A DOCTOR. By getting a doctor to check the lump you'll ease your fears. And if it's something serious, you can start getting treatment right away.
One way to make lumps less frightening is to get to know what your breasts normally feel like. There's no better way to find out than by doing your monthly breast self-exam. The upper, outer area—near your armpit—tends to have the most prominent lumps and bumps. The lower half of your breast can feel like a sandy or pebbly beach. The area under the nipple can feel like a collection of large grains. Another part might feel like a lumpy bowl of oatmeal.
If you notice any changes in your breasts that last over a full month's cycle or that seem to get worse or more obvious over time, tell your doctor. Knowing how your breasts usually look and feel may also help you avoid needless biopsies.
If you're worried about getting breast cancer, read about breast cancer risk factors to find out what your risk is.

Breast Cancer Diet

While a diet emphasizing vegetables and fruit and de-emphasizing alcohol, red meat and omega-3 fats may reduce the likelihood of breast cancer or recurrence compared to the typical U.S. diet, simply following these rules will not maximize the chemopreventive potential of your diet. Tailoring your diet to your individual circumstances and breast cancer subtype will increase the diet's potential benefits. This web page is designed to enable you to customize your diet using the information in the Food for Breast Cancer web site. The overall goal is to bathe your normal cells with nutrients that promote healthy growth and cell division. Any new breast cancer cells that do arise are to find themselves in an environment that promotes their death and inhibits their proliferation and migration.

A word about enjoying your food, food variety, and supplements

Before outlining a strategy to develop a customized diet, we would like to say a few words about food and supplements. It is important to enjoy your food because what you eat and drink counts. The idea is to replace the elements of your current diet that promote breast cancer (see foods to avoid) with foods that prevent it (recommended foods) or are neutral. Adding beneficial foods to an unhealthy diet is not likely to make as much difference as an overhaul of your diet which substantially eliminates harmful foods. This can only happen if you enjoy what you eat. For example, if you do not like broccoli, do not eat it. But maybe you might enjoy broccoli sprouts, kale or watercress, which have many of the same chemopreventive characteristics.

Several studies have found that consuming a wide variety of foods is more beneficial in preventing breast cancer than consuming a limited selection. There are synergistic actions between foods, most of which may remain to be discovered. For example, the combination of mushrooms and green tea appears to be more chemopreventive than consuming either alone. Also, simultaneously consuming olive oil and orange vegetables increases the bioavailability of the beta-carotene in the vegetables.

Vitamins and supplements can make sense for deficiency states. For example, it appears to be difficult for most of us to get enough vitamin D through exposure to sunshine and in the diet. Adequate vitamin D is important for breast cancer chemoprevention. Supplementation with vitamin D has been found to be safe at dosages required to bring most women up to optimal levels. Similarly, taking fish oil could benefit those who wish to increase their ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fats, although note that taking fish oil is not recommended during chemotherapy.

However, it has been found that cancer can be promoted by large doses of some compounds that are chemopreventive when consumed in foods. Famous examples are vitamin A and vitamin C. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) may be another example. This is one reason why we tend to de-emphasize supplements. Often there is a U-shaped curve in which both low and high levels of a given micronutrient promotes cancer and we simply do not have enough information to determine the dosage that aligns with the cancer-preventive sweet spot at the bottom of the curve. It is not that we do not understand the attraction of genistein, DIM, ellagic acid, resveratrol, etc. However, based on the available evidence, consuming micronutrients in pill form whose safety and effective dosage have not been established is as likely to be harmful as helpful. Nor do we believe that diet alone is able to effectively treat breast cancer (please see our articles on food as cancer cure and the raw food diet).

How to design your anti-cancer diet

Your diet should depend on whether you are at high risk for breast cancer (but not diagnosed with the disease), in active treatment, or a breast cancer survivor. Each of these situations is addressed below.

High risk, but not diagnosed with breast cancer

Women at high risk for breast cancer should use the recommended, avoid and alphabetical food lists to select their foods. The goal is to consume a wide variety of chemopreventive foods while limiting cancer-promoting foods such as processed meat. While many breast cancer risk factors (such as early puberty or being tall) cannot be influenced by diet in adulthood, some risk factors can be. The links below are to web pages that provide detailed information and food lists for some high-risk circumstances:

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Breast cancer symptoms vary widely — from lumps to swelling to skin changes — and many breast cancers have no obvious symptoms at all. Symptoms that are similar to those of breast cancer may be the result of non-cancerous conditions like infection or a cyst.
Breast self-exam should be part of your monthly health care routine, and you should visit your doctor if you experience breast changes. If you're over 40 or at a high risk for the disease, you should also have an annual mammogram and physical exam by a doctor. The earlier breast cancer is found and diagnosed, the better your chances of beating it.
The actual process of diagnosis can take weeks and involve many different kinds of tests. Waiting for results can feel like a lifetime. The uncertainty stinks. But once you understand your own unique “big picture,” you can make better decisions. You and your doctors can formulate a treatment plan tailored just for you.
In the following pages of the Symptoms and Diagnosis section, you can learn about:

Understanding Breast Cancer

How breast cancer happens, how it progresses, the stages, and a look at risk factors.

Screening and Testing

The tests used for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring, including mammograms, ultrasound, MRI, CAT scans, PET scans, and more.

Types of Breast Cancer

The different types of breast cancer, including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), inflammatory breast cancer, male breast cancer, recurrent breast cancer, metastatic breast cancer, and more.

Your Diagnosis

The characteristics of the cancer -- featured on your pathology report -- that might affect your treatment plan, including size, stage, lymph node status, hormone receptor status, and more.

IMPORTANT FACTS YOU SHOULD KNOW

HEALTHY BREASTS  
Firstly, and most importantly, you need to understand that every change and every lump found in your breasts does not mean you have Breast Cancer, especially as your breasts are growing and changing, they'll have lumps and bumps anyway.
IMPORTANT FACTS YOU SHOULD KNOW

• On average, the final stage of puberty is around 15 years of age and at this time, you are physically an adult.
  
  
• In your late teens and early twenties you have more lumps, bumps and pain in your breasts that seem to come about just because your body is growing.
  
  
• Lumps can form in your breasts due to hormonal changes during your period cycle and they usually go away at the end of that time of the month.
  
  
• In your late teens and early twenties you sometimes can have round rubbery types of tumors called Fibroadenomas and these are not cancerous.

Sociological factors with breastfeeding

Researchers have found several social factors that correlate with differences in initiation, frequency, and duration of breastfeeding practices of mothers. Race, ethnic differences and socioeconomic status and other factors have been shown to affect a mother’s choice whether or not to breastfeed and how long she breastfeeds her child.

• Race and culture Singh et al. also found that African American women are less likely than white women of similar socioeconomic status to breastfeed and Hispanic women are more likely to breastfeed. The Center of Disease Control used information from the National Immunization Survey to determine the proportion of Caucasian and African American children that were ever breast fed. They found that 71.5% of Caucasians had breastfed their child while only 50.1% of African Americans had. At six months of age this fell to 53.9% of Caucasian mothers and 43.2% of African American mothers who were still breastfeeding.
• Income Deborah L. Dee's research found that women and children who qualify for WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children were among those who were least likely to initiate breastfeeding. Income level can also contribute to women discontinuing breastfeeding early. More highly educated women are more likely to have access to information regarding difficulties with breastfeeding, allowing them to continue breastfeeding through difficulty rather than weaning early. Women in higher status jobs are more likely to have access to a lactation room and suffer less social stigma from having to breastfeed or express breastmilk at work. In addition, women who are unable to take an extended leave from work following the birth of their child are less likely to continue breastfeeding when they return to work. Low income women are more likely to have unintended pregnancies,and women who's pregnancies are unintended are less likely to breast feed their babies.
• Other factors Other factors they found to have an effect on breastfeeding are “household composition, metropolitan/non-metropolitan residence, parental education, household income or poverty status, neighborhood safety, familial support, maternal physical activity, and household smoking status.”

History of breastfeeding

Before the 20th century, breastfeeding was the main way of feeding babies. If for any reason the natural mother was unable to breastfeed, a wet nurse was used. Attempts were made in 15th century Europe to use cow or goat milk, but these attempts were not successful. In the 18th century, flour or cereal mixed with broth were introduced as substitutes for breastfeeding, but this did not have a favorable outcome, either. True commercial infant formulas appeared on the market in the mid 19th century but their use did not become widespread until after WWII. As the superior qualities of breast milk became better-established in medical literature, breastfeeding rates have increased and countries have enacted measures to protect the rights of infants and mothers to breastfeed.

Long term health effects

For breastfeeding women, long-term health benefits include:

• Less risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer.
• A 2009 study indicated that lactation for at least 24 months is associated with a 23% lower risk of coronary heart disease.
• Although the 2007 review for the AHRQ found "no relationship between a history of lactation and the risk of osteoporosis",mothers who breastfeed longer than eight months benefit from bone re-mineralisation.
• Breastfeeding diabetic mothers require less insulin
• Reduced risk of metabolic syndrome
• Reduced risk of post-partum bleeding.
• According to a Malmö University study published in 2009, women who breast fed for a longer duration have a lower risk for contracting rheumatoid arthritis than women who breast fed for a shorter duration or who had never breast fed.

Natural postpartum infertility

Breastfeeding may delay the return to fertility for some women by suppressing ovulation. A breastfeeding woman may not ovulate, or have regular periods, during the entire lactation period. The period in which ovulation is absent differs for each woman. This lactational amenorrhea has been used as an imperfect form of natural contraception, with greater than 98% effectiveness during the first six months after birth if specific nursing behaviors are followed. It is possible for women to ovulate within two months after birth while fully breastfeeding and get pregnant again.

Weight loss

As the fat accumulated during pregnancy is used to produce milk, extended breastfeeding—at least 6 months—can help mothers lose weight. However, weight loss is highly variable among lactating women; monitoring the diet and increasing the amount/intensity of exercise are more reliable ways of losing weight. The 2007 review for the AHRQ found "The effect of breastfeeding in mothers on return-to-pre-pregnancy weight was negligible, and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss was unclear."

Hormone release

Breastfeeding releases oxytocin and prolactin, hormones that relax the mother and make her feel more nurturing toward her baby. Breastfeeding soon after giving birth increases the mother's oxytocin levels, making her uterus contract more quickly and reducing bleeding. Pitocin, a synthetic hormone used to make the uterus contract during and after labour, is structurally modelled on oxytocin. Syntocinon, another synthetic oxytocic, is commonly used in Australia and the UK rather than Pitocin.

Bonding

Hormones released during breastfeeding help to strengthen the maternal bond. Teaching partners how to manage common difficulties is associated with higher breastfeeding rates. Support for a mother while breastfeeding can assist in familial bonds and help build a paternal bond between father and child.
If the mother is away, an alternative caregiver may be able to feed the baby with expressed breast milk. The various breast pumps available help working mothers to feed their babies breast milk for as long as they want. To be successful, the mother must produce and store enough milk to feed the child for the time she is away, and the feeding caregiver must be comfortable in handling breast milk.

Benefits for mothers

Breastfeeding is a cost effective way of feeding an infant, providing nourishment for a child at a small cost to the mother. Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding can delay the return of fertility through lactational amenorrhea, though breastfeeding is an imperfect means of birth control. During breastfeeding beneficial hormones are released into the mother's body and the maternal bond can be strengthened.Breastfeeding is possible throughout pregnancy, but generally milk production will be reduced at some point.

Where are the best places to buy breastfeeding clothes

Shopping for clothes care can be difficult, especially if you want something so elegant and inexpensive (and 'too much to ask?) Some women give up nursing clothes in total (they are certainly not necessary), but others enjoy the convenience of clothes off for breastfeeding in public. Personally, I liked to wear off in the first half, but eventually moved to her normal clothes, how I came to prefer breast-feed in public. Only a couple of times recently (weddings, funerals, mostly), I liked to dress carefully!

If you're in the market for some clothes for nursing, there are several sources out there.

In stores

If you want to try on your clothing carefully before you buy, check a couple of retailers who are the real shops. In the United States are the two most important Mimi Maternity and Motherhood. Lens offers a selection of basic nursing bras and tank tops, and many department stores will also make breastfeeding bras.

On-Line

Two major online retailers are Motherwear (see the affiliate link in the sidebar) and expressive (not related). It 'also quite a selection of nursing apparel available at Amazon.com (affiliate).

Small businesses are:

www.breast-is-best.com

www.evalillian.com

www.milkface.com

www.onehotmama.com

Options recording costs

I saw a sweet nurses used the maternity clothes shops sparingly, as the Salvation Army. Quick Search eBay for "nursing care" under the "Articles of apparel, shoes and accessories" to find a wide range of offerings. The only caution I used to buy clothes of care is that the thrush can be passed on to clothes, to buy something, and should be washed in very hot water (with bleach if the fabric allows) if the product is in direct contact with his chest and passed another nursing bra or a pad, or over the top.

Another option is to sew your own nursing clothes.

Clothes For Breastfeeding

If you plan to breastfeed, no need to buy a whole new wardrobe with clothes. You are probably already a lot of peaks, which allows you to feed your baby comfortably. Most women find that the loose top, or rubber that you can simply lift it is easier to use. But if you feel shy about breastfeeding in front of others, then the clothes of treatment may be useful. Most models, you can feed your baby without accidentally reveals a lot of meat.

Breastfeeding Nightie

Breastfeeding Nightie

Breastfeeding Nightie

Breastfeeding Nightie

Breastfeeding Nightie

Breastfeeding Scarf

Breastfeeding Scarf

Breastfeeding Scarf

Breastfeeding Clothes

Breastfeeding Clothes

Breastfeeding Clothes

Breastfeeding Clothes

Breastfeeding Nightwear

Breastfeeding Nightwear

Breastfeeding Scarf

The Mamascarf can be worn as a scarf, or folded away. It even comes with a hidden pocket to store your breastpad. This comes in a solid color black perfect for all occasions.

It is easy to use and does not draw attention to you.

Less disruption to the child.

Mask your stomach after pregnancy.

Covering yourself before and after feeding.

100% cotton and machine washable at 30 degrees.

The perfect gift idea for that special someone you are pregnant.

It was invented by a mother for breastfeeding mothers who breastfeed more!

One size fits all.

You can always see your baby and maintain eye contact.

New and improved tactile soft cotton.

Breast Pasties

 Breast Pasties

Empanadas ('Paste' singing. [Citation needed] or "pasta") are covered with adhesive applied to cover the nipple and areola of a woman. Although blocks are usually associated with fun and erotic burlesque, sometimes also used as underwear and sometimes as beachwear.

Some women wear mess dress when wearing strapless or backless. Some women who choose to be worn braless may from time to time trouble. Pies can use their nipples and areolas are visible through the bourgeois or underwear, or if they experience nipple erection. Some women wear mess nipples to avoid irritation from rubbing against the fabric of the coat. When worn under clothing are sometimes referred to as trouble breast petals.

Pies are available in various colors, sizes and shapes. Even if the pies are available in different sizes, which are usually not much larger than the areola. Cake is usually used with a special adhesive tape or a fixative, usually gum arabic. However, in some situations to avoid falling into trouble can be a problem, you can remove them. Some women are allergic to some adhesives. Some of the desserts are disposable, while others are washable and can be reused.

Cake is sometimes worn on the banks to maximize your tan, but be topless or naked, and to avoid the belt tracks to produce a bikini. If worn on the beach, are sometimes called "grab Strapless Bikini." [Edit]

A Bikini Bottom sideless sometimes used to complete a block of the upper limit, although of course there are variations.

Breast shell

Breast Shell

Breast shells are hollow plastic plates worn inside your bra to protect the nipple to become flat. The disc has a hole worn in the center toward the nipple. This is a slightly concave line of the breast, but sometimes it can still be slightly visible under tight clothing. Shells decompose wash. This should be done frequently, because Shell is also trying to make the sweat of the womb, which can increase the growth of bacteria and cause irritation.

Breast shells can be used to protect the engorged or sore nipples during breastfeeding. Shell can also be encouraged to delay the inverted nipple (out). If the shell is ready to be used to help a mother to breastfeed, do it during pregnancy because the skin can increase the loss of breast milk or colostrum. Some studies suggest that breast shells used in the nipples can actually prevent the mother's ability to breastfeed successfully.

It is also used to collect milk when the baby is not over the nipple.

Shields can be mixed with breast shells, but the guards are intended for the artificial feeding, breast shells are worn by pre-or after breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding HIV infection

Because breastfeeding can transmit HIV from mother to child, UNAIDS advises against breastfeeding for HIV-positive mothers, where formula feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable and safe. Grades are important. Some components of breast milk may protect against infection. High levels of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk (including eicosadienoico, arachidonic acid and gamma-linolenic acid) are associated with lower risk of child infection when nursed by HIV positive mothers. Arachidonic acid and gamma-linolenic acid, may also reduce viral shedding of HIV in breast milk. For this reason, the rates of developed countries in infant mortality are lower when HIV-positive mothers breastfeed their children when they use the formula. However, differences in infant mortality rates were not reported in areas with better resources.

Treatment of infants prophylactically with lamivudine (3TC) can help reduce HIV transmission from mother to child during breastfeeding. If the formula is given free or subsidized HIV-infected mothers, the recommendations were made to minimize the disadvantages such as the possible publication of HIV status of the mother.

At one time the world together, and still is in some developing countries like Africa, more than a woman breastfeeding a child. Shared breastfeeding has been found to be a risk factor for HIV infection in children. A woman hired to breastfeed another baby is known as a nurse. Breastfeeding can sometimes participate in shared negative reactions in the United States of America, due to the deviation from the cultural norm. American feminist activist Jennifer Baumgardner wrote about his experience in New York this issue.

Breastfeeding Barrier

The majority of mothers want to breastfeed when their baby is born. There are many things that happen that interrupt or interfere with this plan. Here are just some of the obstacles that women face when trying to breastfeed.

Proceedings of birth - routine separation of the child's mother, breastfeeding drug intake and vigorous routine delay mode of delivery, all interfere with breastfeeding. A "significant" number of hospital procedures and facilities and the policies that are not based on evidence and are known to interfere with breastfeeding .

Nursery Policies - increases the separation, rooming-in policies, routine, bottles and pacifiers can also help prevent the child learns to stop and to create a supply. About a quarter of all breast-fed infants receive supplemental formula in the first two days of life.

Ignorance

Staff - breastfeeding is the biological norm, but without looking at the other nurse their children, is a lost art, too. Classes, books and personal counseling (professional or lay), can be useful.

Partnership - Partners are also lacking in knowledge of basic nursing care and are generally uncertain of their role in breastfeeding.

Professional - Doctors and nurses have little training in lactation and breastfeeding support. A key step in the Surgeon General's Call to Action for Breastfeeding is to help educate professionals on topics of breastfeeding and lactation.

The labor force - the return to work is the most common reason cited stopped breastfeeding. Maternity leave in the United States vary greatly in spite of Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which offers mothers more work up to 12 weeks. Many mothers have to take unpaid time off work and most of the FMLA does not use the entire twelve weeks. Fathers can also be used to FLMA the birth or adoption of a child. Maternity leave varies widely state.

Bad Decision - The pain caused by poor infant positioning or tongue-tie in infants can cause great pain to the mother and therefore discourage breastfeeding. These problems are usually easy to fix (the change of position or cut short frenulum).

Women who have unwanted pregnancies are less likely to breastfeed their babies.

Breastfeeding difficulties

Physiological limitations of breast-feeding if breastfeeding is a natural human activity, difficulties and complications are not uncommon. Put the baby as soon as possible after birth can prevent many problems, including mastitis. The AAP breastfeeding policy says: "Delay weighing, measuring, bathing, needle sticks, and eye prophylaxis until the first meal is over." Many breastfeeding difficulties can be solved with appropriate hospital procedures, trained midwives, doctors and hospital staff, nursing and consultants.There situations in which breastfeeding may be dangerous for children, including infection by HIV and acute poisoning by environmental contaminants such as lead. The Institute of Medicine reported that breast surgery, including breast implants or breast reduction surgery, reduces the chances that a woman has enough milk to breastfeed.

Rarely a mother may not be able to produce breast milk due to a deficiency of prolactin. This may be due to Sheehan's syndrome, a rare consequence of a sudden drop in blood pressure during labor usually because of bleeding.

Socio-cultural forces in nursing in developed countries, many working mothers do not breastfeed their children because of pressure of work and maternity leave is very short. For example, a mother have to plan frequent breaks pumping, and find a clean, quiet and private in the workplace for pumping. These genes can cause mothers to abandon breastfeeding and use milk powder instead.

Weaning Process Of Infant

Weaning -Baby

Weaning is the process of introducing the newborn to other foods and reducing the supply of milk. The child is fully weaned once it no longer receives breast milk. Most mammals stop producing the enzyme lactase at the end of weaning, and are lactose intolerant. People often have a mutation, with frequencies that depend primarily on ethnicity, which allows the production of lactase throughout life and can drink milk - usually cow's milk or goat -. Far beyond childhood In humans, the psychological factors involved in the weaning process is critical for both mother and child as issues of intimacy and separation are prominent in this state.

In the past, bromocriptine was in some countries often used to reduce the congestion experienced by many women in the weaning period. This is now done only in special cases, it causes frequent side effects, gives a little advantage over non-medical treatment and the potential for serious side effects can not be excluded. Other drugs such as cabergoline, lisuride or birth control pills can sometimes be used as a lactation suppressant.

Healthy Infant Growth During Breastfeeding

The average breastfed baby doubles birth weight in 5-6 months. Within a year, a typical breastfed baby will weigh about 2 ½ times their birth weight. In one year, breastfed babies tend to be leaner than formula-fed babies, which is healthy, especially in the long term. A general guide for the growth of breastfed infants is as follows:

The weight gain of 4-7 ounces (112-200 grams) per week during the first month

An average of 1.2 pounds (2.1 to 1 kg) per month for the first six months

An average of one pound (half kg) per month from six months to one year

Babies usually grow in length by about an inch a month (2.5 cm) in the first six months, and about half an inch a month from six months to one year.

Diet During Breast-Feeding

Diet During Breast-Feeding

Breastfeeding women should be careful what they eat and drink, as things can be transferred to baby through breast milk. Just like during pregnancy, breastfeeding women avoid fish high in mercury and limit fish consumption than mercury. If a woman has of alcohol, a small amount transferred to the baby through breast milk. She has to wait to breastfeed for at least 2 hours after a single alcoholic drink to avoid transfer of alcohol to children. Caffeine consumption should be limited to a maximum of 300 mg (about 1-3 cups of regular coffee) per day for breastfeeding women because it can cause problems such as restlessness and irritability in some babies. A Diet Coke has 46 mg per 12 oz and a can of Pepsi has 40 mg. Most drinks are displaying their caffeine content on the can or bottle next to the nutrition label and ingredients. Some children are quite sensitive to caffeine to have problems even with small amounts of caffeine.

Duration of breastfeeding

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 75 percent of mothers began breastfeeding. However, by 6 months, the rate fell to 43% and was just 22% after a year. Breastfeeding rates vary across the country, from nearly 90 percent initiating breastfeeding in Utah to 52.5 percent in Mississippi. The health care law now requires large employers to provide breast-feeding mothers with breaks and a private space to feed their babies.

Breastfeeding Tandem nursing

Power at the same time two children who are not twins or multiples is called tandem breastfeeding. Since appetite and feeding of each child can be the same, this could mean feeding each according to individual needs and may also be feeding together, one for each breast.

In the case of triplets or more is a challenge for a mother to keep food on the appetite of all babies. Breasts can meet demand and produce large amounts of milk, the mothers were able to breastfeed triplets successfully.

Tandem nursing is when a woman is breastfeeding a child older child. During the later stages of pregnancy, the colostrum changes to milk, and some parents continue to feed infants, even with this change, while others may wean due to a change in taste or drop the offer. Breastfeeding during pregnancy, another child may also be considered as a sort of tandem breastfeeding mother, because the power of two.

Breastfeeding-Mixed feeding

Dominant or mixed breastfeeding means feeding breast milk and infant formula, baby food and even water, depending on the age of the child. Babies feed differently with artificial teats than a breast. With the chest. Massages language of the child's milk instead of sucking with an artificial nipple, a child sucks, as long as the milk floats and is easy to overfeed a bottle. As the flow is constant, and the child does not cause disappointment, mixing breastfeeding and bottle (or use a pacifier) ​​before the child gets used to food from his mother, can result in the baby prefers bottle within. Some mothers feed supplement with a small syringe or flexible cup to reduce the risk of nipple preference. When using a bottle, it is important to use the baby to accept the slowest flow (and not to move to a faster speed, just because the child gets older) and as feed rate.

The child should sit almost vertically, and the bottle should be tilted slightly to allow some milk to go to the child. Bottle should take as long as breastfeeding does. Quicker power can easily lead to overeating.

Breastfeeding Expressing breast milk

When direct breastfeeding is not possible, the mother can express (artificially removed and saved) in her milk. Manual massage or with a breast pump, she can express milk and store it in freezer bags, a supplemental nursing system, or a bottle ready for use. Breast milk can be stored at room temperature for up to six hours [edit] refrigerator for up to eight days or frozen for up to 4-6 months. Studies have shown that the antioxidant activity of human milk decreases over time, but it is still higher than infant formula.

Removal of breast milk can maintain the supply of milk from a mother when she and her son are separated. If a sick baby is unable to feed expressed milk can be fed by nasogastric tube.

Breast milk can also be used when a mother has trouble breastfeeding.

"Exclusively express", "exclusively pumping" and "Eping" are terms of a mother feeds her baby exclusively on breast milk, although not physically breast-feeding. This may occur because the baby is unable or refuses to latch on. With good pumping habits, particularly in the first 12 weeks when the supply of milk is introduced, it can produce enough milk to feed the baby, as long as you love your mother.

It is generally advised to delay using a bottle to feed expressed breast milk until the baby is 4-6 weeks and are good to suck directly from the breast. [84] As sucking a bottle takes less effort, babies lose their desire to breastfeed. This is called nursing strike or nipple confusion. To avoid this when feeding expressed breast milk (EBM) before 4-6 weeks of age, it is recommended that breast milk provided by other means such as feeding or spoon feeding cups. In addition, EBM is given by someone other than the breastfeeding mother (or nurse), so the child can learn to associate direct feeding with the mother (or nurse) and a bottle s' associate with other people. [Edit]

Some women donate their expressed breast milk (EBM) to others, either directly or through a milk bank. While historically the use of wet nurses was common, some women do not like the idea of ​​feeding children with milk from another woman, others like to be able to give your baby the benefits of breast milk. Milk Breastfeeding is expressed by donors or the baby's mother is feeding method of choice for premature babies. Viral disease transmission through breastfeeding may prevent breast milk expression and present it to the Holder pasteurization.

Exclusive breastfeeding

The exclusive breastfeeding is defined as "the mother's milk the child at no extra charge (no water, no juice, no milk is not human, and food) with the exception of vitamins, minerals and drugs." National and international guidelines recommend that all children are breast-feeding only the first six months of life. Breastfeeding may continue with the addition of a suitable food for two years or more. Exclusive breastfeeding has dramatically reduced infant mortality in developing countries in reducing diarrhea and infectious diseases. It has also been shown to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV than mixed feeding.

Feeding babies exclusively breastfed for 6 to 14 times a day. Newborns consume from 30 to 90 ml (1 to 3 fluid ounces U.S.) in the diet. After the age of four weeks, babies consume about 120ml (4 fl oz U.S.) in the diet. Every child is different, but as it grows the amount will increase. It is important to recognize the signs of child hunger. It is assumed that the child knows how much milk it needs and it is therefore recommended that the child should dictate the number, frequency and duration of each feeding. The supply of breast milk is determined by the number and length of the food or the amount of milk expressed. The birth weight of the child can affect eating habits, and mothers can be influenced by what they perceive to be its requirements. For example, a child born small for gestational age lead a mother to believe that her child needs to feed more than if it larger, they must pass by the demands of the child rather than what they deem necessary.

Although it may be difficult to measure the amount of food consumed by breastfed infants, babies normally feed to meet their own requirements.Babies who do not eat enough, you may experience the symptoms fail. If necessary, you can estimate the power of wet and dirty nappies (diapers): 8 wet cloth or 5-6 wet disposable, dirt and 2-5 for 24 hours to propose an acceptable number of infants over the age of entry 5-6 days of age. 2-3 months, stool frequency of less accurate measure of adequate input some normal infants may go up to 10 days in feces. The child may also be weighed before and after feeds.

Breastfeeding Latching on, feeding and positioning

The correct positioning and technique for that lock to prevent nipple pain and allow the child to get enough milk. The "rooting reflex" is the natural tendency of children to turn against her breast with his mouth wide open, mothers sometimes use this by gently stroking the cheek of the child, or lips with the nipple to bring the child to move into position for a breastfeeding session, and then quickly move the baby to the breast while the baby's mouth is wide open. To prevent sore nipples and let the baby is getting enough milk, much of the breast and areola need to enter the mouth of the child. To help the baby out, tickle baby's lip with your nipple, wait until the child's mouth opens wide, then put the baby against the nipple quickly so that the baby has a mouthful of nipple and areola. Nipple should be at the back of the neck of the child with flat lying tongue of your baby in the mouth.

Flat or inverted nipples can be a massage for the baby will have more to endure. Resist the temptation to go to the baby as this can lead to bad decisions.

Pain in the nipple or breast is associated with incorrect feeding techniques. If the lock is one of the main reasons for ineffective feeding and can lead to health problems in children. A 2006 study found that inadequate parental education, breastfeeding techniques, poor, or both were associated with higher rates of preventable hospitalizations in infants.

The child may move away from the nipple after a few minutes or after a much longer period. Feeds within normal may take a few sucks (newborns), 10 to 20 minutes or longer (on request). Sometimes, after finishing one breast, the mother may offer the other breast.

Although the majority of women breast-feed their children cradling position, there are many ways to keep feeding the baby. It depends on the mother and the child's comfort preference, and feeding a baby. Some babies prefer one breast to another, but the mother should offer both breasts at every care her baby.

When tandem breastfeeding, the mother is unable to move baby from one breast to another and comfort can be a major problem. Because breastfeeding tandem extra pressure on the arms, especially as babies grow, many mothers of twins recommend the use of pillows for support.

Time and place for breastfeeding

Breastfeeding at least every two to three hours helps maintain milk production. For most women are eight breastfeeding or pumping sessions every 24 hours, her milk is [not in citation given] The newborn may feed more often than this:. 10 to 12 sessions of breast every 24 hours is common, and some may even feed a baby 18 times day.Feeding "on demand" (sometimes called "custom"), means for feeding when the child shows signs of hunger, feeding this way rather than by the clock helps maintain milk production and to ensure that the child's needs for milk and comfort are met. [Edit] But it may be important to recognize whether a baby is really hungry, so breastfeeding too frequently may mean that the child receives a disproportionate amount of foremilk and not enough hindmilk.

"Mothers who are breastfeeding experts learned that the sucking patterns and needs of children vary. While some children suck met primarily during feedings, other children may need additional sucking at the breast as soon although I'm not really hungry. The kids can also be a nurse when they are alone, frightened or in pain. "

"Comforting and meeting sucking needs are in the original design of nature. Pacifiers (dummies, soothers) are a surrogate mother when she may not be available. More reasons to pacify a baby primarily within include upper oro-facial development, prolonged amenorrhea, avoidance of nipple confusion, and to stimulate milk production enough to ensure the success of breastfeeding education. "

Cohabitation in the basin

Most U.S. states have laws that allow a mother to breastfeed wherever they are allowed to be. In hospitals, care homes allows the baby to stay with the mother and improves the ease of breastfeeding. Some merchants breastfeeding rooms, although laws generally specify that mothers can breastfeed anywhere, without having to go to a special area.

Early breastfeeding

In half an hour after birth, the baby's sucking reflex is strongest, and the baby is more alert, is the perfect time to start breastfeeding.Breastfeeding also releases hormones that contract the uterus to reduce bleeding after delivery. At the start of breastfeeding was associated with fewer feeding problems at night.

Breastfeeding Methods and considerations

There are many books and videos to advise mothers about breastfeeding. Lactation consultants in hospitals or in private practice and volunteer organizations, as well as breastfeeding mothers.

Breastfeeding Benefits for the infant Less overweight

Physicians have long known that breastfed babies are less likely to become overweight. The study in today's Pediatrics affiliates formula is given solid food too early, before 4 months of age, making them six times more likely to be obese at age 3 does not happen if children were breast-feeding with solid food.

Breastfeeding Less necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute intestinal inflammatory disease in children. Necrosis or death of intestinal tissue may follow. It occurs mainly in premature births. In one study, 926 preterm infants, NEC has developed in 51 children (5.5%). The mortality rate of necrotizing enterocolitis was 26%. NEC was six to ten times more common in infants fed formula exclusively, and three times more common in babies fed with a mixture of breast milk and formula than just breastfeeding. In children born over 30 weeks, the NEC is twenty times more common in children fed exclusively on formula. 2007 meta-analysis of four randomized controlled clinical trials were "marginally statistically significant" between breastfeeding and reduced risk of NEC.

Breastfeeding Less tendency to develop allergic diseases (atopy)

Children who are at risk of developing allergic disease (defined as at least one parent or a brother to atopy), atopic syndrome can be prevented or delayed through exclusive breastfeeding for four months, although these benefits can not be present when the four months of age. However, a key factor may be the age at which introduce non-breast milk instead of breast-feeding duration. Atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema can be reduced by exclusive breastfeeding for more than 12 weeks of family history of atopy people, but when you breast-feed more than 12 weeks in combination with other foods have occurred regardless of family history of increases in eczema.

Breastfeeding Benefits for the infant Less childhood obesity

Breastfeeding appears to reduce the severe obesity of children aged 39-42 months.The protective effect of breastfeeding against obesity is consistent, albeit small, in many studies, and appears to increase with the duration of breastfeeding. The study also showed that children bottle-fed during infancy are more likely to empty a bottle or a cup of his childhood at the end of those who are breast-feeding. "Bottles, regardless of the type of milk, which is different from breast-feeding is the influence of the Boys' self-consumption of milk." According to the study, this may be due to one of three possible factors, such as when the bottle, parents can encourage the child's end of the contents of the bottle again when you're feeding your child develops naturally self-consumption of milk.

Breastfeeding Benefits for the infant Less diabetes

Exclusively breastfed babies are less likely to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus than peers with a shorter duration of breastfeeding and previous exposure to cow's milk and solid food. Breastfeeding also seems to protect against diabetes mellitus type 2, at least in part because of its effects on the child's weight.

Breastfeeding Benefits for the infant Protection from SIDS

Breastfed babies have better sleep waking at 2-3 months. This coincides with the highest incidence of SIDS syndrome.It found that breastfeeding reduced by half the risk of sudden death in children up to the first

Breastfeeding Benefits for the infant Fewer infections

Among the studies show that children have a lower risk of infection than non-breastfed infants are as follows:

A 1995 study of 87 infants found that breastfed babies had half the incidence of diarrheal diseases, 19% fewer cases of otitis media infections, and less than 80% of prolonged episodes of otitis media that the babies milk during the first year of life.

Breastfeeding appears to reduce symptoms of respiratory infections in premature babies at seven months after hospital discharge in a 2002 study of 39 babies.

In 2004, the study found that breastfeeding reduces the risk of urinary tract infections in children up to seven months of age, where protection is strongest immediately after birth.

In 2007, it was found that breastfeeding reduces the risk of acute otitis media, gastroenteritis, non-specific and less severe respiratory infections.

Breastfeeding Benefits for the Infant greater immune health

During lactation, the antibodies passed to the child . This is one of the most important characteristics of colostrum milk, designed for newborns. Breast milk contains many anti-infective factors, such as bile salt stimulated lipase (protecting against amoebic infections), lactoferrin (which binds to iron and inhibits the growth of intestinal bacteria) and immunoglobulin to protect against microorganisms.

Breastfeeding Benefits for the infant

Many benefits of breastfeeding for the child.

The largest of the health of the immune system

Fewer infections

Protection against SIDS

Less diabetes

Less childhood obesity

Less likely to develop allergic diseases (atopy)

Necrotizing enterocolitis, premature infants less than

Less Overweight

Breastfeeding Using milk from donor banks

If you can not breast-feed, and you still want to give the child breast milk, the best and the only safe place to go for a bank of breast milk. You should never feed your baby breast milk that is obtained directly from another woman, or via the Internet. Excreted in human milk bank may refrain from human donor breast milk, if you have a doctor's prescription. Many steps are being taken to ensure that milk is safe. Donor breast milk offers the same valuable nutrients and properties to fight diseases such as breast milk.

If your child was born prematurely or other health problems, he or she may have need of milk given, not only for health but also to survive. Your child may also have need of milk given, if he or she:

Can not tolerate the formula

Severe allergies

Is not thrive on formula

Breastfeeding Adoption and inducing lactation

Many mothers want to breastfeed her child to accept and make it successful for help. Many need to supplement breast milk with the milk bank of donated breast milk or infant formula, but some parents of adoptive mothers can breast-feed only, especially if you have been pregnant before. Breastfeeding is a hormonal response to physical activity, and so stimulation of the care of the child causes the body to see the need and the production of milk. The more a baby nurses, the more a woman's body produces milk.

If you are adopting and want to breastfeed, as well as a medical consultant or breastfeeding. They can help you decide the best way to groped to establish a milk supply for your new baby. You may be able to prepare pumping every three hours around the clock for two or three weeks before the baby arrives, or you can wait until the baby arrives, and then starts to breastfeed. Devices such as complementary care system (SNS) or a device for breastfeeding help to ensure that your child is getting enough nourishment, and that the breasts are stimulated to produce milk at the same time.

Breastfeeding after breast surgery

The amount of milk you can produce depends on how the surgery was performed and where the incisions, and the reasons for their surgery. Women who have had incisions in the crease under the breasts are less likely to have problems getting milk from women who have had incisions around or through the areola, which can cut milk ducts and nerves. Women who received breast implants tend to breastfeed their babies. If you have had breast surgery for any reason, talk to a lactation specialist. If you are breast surgery, talk to your surgeon about ways he or she can keep both breast tissue and milk ducts as possible.

Breastfeeding during pregnancy

Breastfeeding during pregnancy

Breastfeeding during your next pregnancy is not a risk to the breastfeeding toddler or to be the new developing baby. If you have problems with pregnancy such as pain or uterine bleeding, a history of prematurity or problems with weight gain during pregnancy, your doctor may advise you to get used. Some women choose to get used to this time because they have sore nipples caused by the hormones of pregnancy, nausea, or find that their growing bellies make breastfeeding uncomfortable. Your child may also decide to adjust its own due to changes in the quantity and the taste of your milk. He or she will need extra food and drink, because you will probably make less milk during pregnancy.

If you keep your child from nursing after your baby is born, you can feed your baby first make sure that he or she receives colostrum. Once your milk production increases several days after delivery, you can decide how to best meet the needs of everyone, especially the new baby needs for you and your milk. You can ask your partner to help in the care of a child during breastfeeding. In addition, you will need more fluids, healthy food, and the rest, and take care of you and two grandchildren.

Partial breastfeeding

Partial breastfeeding

Even if the direct and full breastfeeding is, many mothers of multiples to feed their babies breast milk or formula in a bottle from time to time. It 'important to work with your doctor, pediatrician and lactation consultant to find out what works best for your family.

Breastfeeding For Twins Or Multiples

The benefits of breast milk for mothers of multiples and their babies are the same as for all mothers and babies - perhaps as many multiples are born prematurely. But the idea can seem overwhelming! But many of these mothers find breastfeeding easier than in other methods of feeding, because there is nothing to prepare. Many mothers have overcome challenges to successfully breastfeed twins and even more after returning to work.

Be prepared

It helps to learn as much as possible on breastfeeding during pregnancy. You can:

Take a breastfeeding class.

Find Internet and print resources for parents of multiples.

Attend a support group for parents of multiples with your doctor, hospital, local nursing homes, or La Leche League International.

Let your health care provider and family members know that you plan to breastfeed.

Remember that even if your child needs to spend time in intensive care units (NICU), breastfeeding is still possible, with some modifications.

Find a lactation consultant in the experience of women of the time before children were born so you know where to turn for help. Asking where you can rent a breast pump if the children were born early.

Making enough milk

Most mothers can do a lot of milk for the twins. Many mothers fully breast-feed, or give milk, triplets or quadruplets. Keep these tips in mind:

Breast-feeding shortly after birth, and is often helpful for women at the same time as it is one of the child. More milk, which is actually removed, the more milk your body makes.

If babies are born prematurely, will double the pump often help the mother produce more milk.

Medical weight control can you tell if children are not getting enough milk. In other signs that babies get enough breast milk, see How do I know baby is getting enough milk section.

It helps that each child feeding both breasts. You can "affect" a safe for every child to feed and change at the next feeding. Or you can assign a chest for each child for a day and spend the next day. Change the breasts to maintain milk production up if the child does not eat so well for a while. It also gives a different view of the babies to stimulate them.

Breastfeeding Positions

Breastfeeding twins and older can take practice, but you and your baby can find your ideal position and routine. Keep trying different positions until you find those who work for you. For some mothers and babies, breastfeeding twins at the same time works well. Are a few other feeds work better. Still others find that it depends on the time - you can feed a baby at some point during the night and feed two babies at once during the day. Finally, as your baby grows, you may find that you need to change your routine food.

Here are some positions that can work for you:

Dual clutch ("soccer") - Place your two babies in the hold of the clutch. You will need pillows at his side (and perhaps a leg) and go to place infants on pillows with your legs toward the back of the chair or sofa. If you put babies in front of you, try to keep your body facing you, your breast against his chest. Their bodies must be upwards. This is very important to help prevent sore nipples and make sure the baby is getting enough milk.

Cradle combination clutch - Making a baby (usually easier to close or remain locked) into the cradle and the baby's position in the second position of the clutch.

Double cradle - Place your baby facing you with their legs overlapping, making an X on your lap.

Premature And/or Low Birth Weight

Premature birth, when the baby is born before 37 weeks of gestation. Before the term often means that the baby was born low birth weight, defined as less than five and a half pounds. Low birth weight can also be caused by malnutrition is the mother. We arrive early, or that little can be done and adaptation difficult, especially if the child should be in a particular hospital. But keep in mind that the milk has been shown to help premature babies to grow and fight disease.

Most children who have low weight at birth, but born after 37 weeks (term), can start breastfeeding immediately. They need more skin-to-skin contact with mom and dad to keep them warm. These younger children may need more frequent, and can get sleepier during those feedings.

Many babies born prematurely are often unable to breastfeed at first, but that does not benefit from breast milk. You can express colostrum by hand or pump as soon as possible in the hospital. You can talk to hospital staff about renting a hospital grade electric pump. Call your insurance company or the local WIC office to see if you can get a refund for this type of pump. You will need to express milk as often as they have been fed, so about 8 times in 24 hours.

Once your baby is ready to breastfeed immediately, skin to skin can be very relaxing and an excellent start to their first meal. Be sure to work with a lactation consultant in the appropriate lock and positioning. Many mothers of premature infants is the cradle of the Red Cross have utility. (See Breastfeeding has an article for illustration.) It may take some time for yourself and your baby into a routine well.

Cleft Palate And Cleft Lip

Cleft palate and lip, some of the most common congenital defects that occur as a baby develops in the womb. A gap or opening or lip or palate may occur together or separately, and both can be corrected by surgery. These two conditions can prevent babies from forming a tight seal around the nipple and areola with his mouth, or effectively remove milk from the breast. A mother can try different positions for breastfeeding and use his thumb or chest to help fill the slot left by the lip to form a seal around the chest.

Immediately after birth, a mother whose child has a cleft palate can groped to breastfeed her baby. He may also start expressing her milk to keep her as soon as the power supply. Even if the child is not attached to his chest, the baby can be breastfed cup of milk. In some hospitals, children with cleft palate are fitted with a mouthpiece which is called Shutter and seal the crack power easier. The child should be able to breastfeed exclusively after his speech.

Reflux Disease

Some children are called esophageal disease (Gass Troh-SOF-uh-uh-JEE-Uhl), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which occurs when the muscle at the opening of the stomach opens at the wrong times. This allows the milk and food in the tube back up the esophagus and throat. Some of the symptoms of GERD can include:

Serious Coughing after every meal or hours after eating

Projectile vomiting, where the milk flowing from the mouth

Inconsolable crying as if the noise

Crucial in the back, as if in severe pain

Refusal to eat or pulling away from the breast during lactation

Frequent awakening during the night

Slow weight gain

Choking or trouble swallowing

Many healthy children can have some of these symptoms and GERD. But children who may be only a few of these symptoms are severe, and GERD. Not all babies spit up or vomit, Gerd. More severe cases of gastroesophageal reflux disease can be treated with medication, if the child refuses to nurse, gains weight or is losing a little weight, or has periods of gagging or choking.

Jaundice An Health Problem

Jaundice is due to more of bilirubin, a substance in blood that is usually in small quantities. A baby when the bilirubin can build up faster than they can be removed from the intestinal track. Jaundice may appear on the skin and eyes. Mainly affects infants to a certain extent, that appears between the second and third days of life. The jaundice usually improves within two weeks of age and is not harmful.

There are two types of jaundice can affect babies fed breast milk - Breastfeeding and jaundice breast milk jaundice.

Breastfeeding jaundice may occur when a breastfed baby is getting enough milk. This can occur either because of problems or because the mother's breast milk has not come in. It is not caused by a problem with the milk itself.

Breast milk jaundice can be caused by substances in breast milk, which prevents the bilirubin is excreted from the body. Jaundice as it appears in some healthy, breastfed, after a few weeks of life. It may take a month or more, and usually not harmful.

The doctor can monitor your child's level of bilirubin in your baby's blood. Jaundice is best treated by breastfeeding more often or longer. It is vital to have a health care provider will help you make sure baby is breast milk and remove property. This is usually all that is necessary for the child's body to get rid of excess bilirubin.

Some babies need phototherapy - treatment with a special light. The light helps break down bilirubin into a form that can be easily removed from the body. If you have problems with blockage in your baby, it is important that the pump or hand express to ensure a good milk supply. The same is true if the baby needs formula for a short period of time - pumping or manual removal will ensure that the baby has enough milk to return to breastfeeding.

It is important to remember that breastfeeding is best for your baby. Even if your baby has jaundice, this is not something you caused. Your healthcare professional can help you ensure that your baby is eating well and the jaundice disappears.

Breastfeeding a Baby With Health Problems

There are some health problems for children who can make it difficult to breastfeed. However, breast milk and breast-feeding the first remains very healthy for both you and your child - even more so if the baby is premature or sick. Even if the child can not breastfeed directly from you, it is better to pump or express milk and give it to your baby by cup or dropper.

Inverted, Flat, Or Very Large Nipples

Some women have nipples that turn inward instead of standing out, or are flat and do not exceed. Nipples can sometimes be flattened temporarily due to swelling and congestion during lactation. Flat or inverted nipples can sometimes make it difficult to breastfeed. But remember that breastfeeding at work, your baby needs to stay on both the nipple and breast, so even inverted nipples can work very well. Often flat and inverted nipples to protrude over time, as the baby sucks more.

Very large nipples, can be difficult for the baby to get enough of the areola in the mouth to compress the milk ducts and get enough milk.

What you can do

Talk to your doctor or lactation consultant if you're worried about your nipples.

Use your fingers to try to draw out your nipples. There are also special devices to temporarily remove the flat or inverted nipples.

Lock for babies of mothers with very large nipples will get better with time, as the child grows. In some cases it may take several weeks to get the baby to much. But if a mother has a good milk supply, her baby is getting enough milk, even with a bad lock.

Fungal Infections Due To Breastfeeding

Fungal Infection Of Breast

Yeast, also called yeast infection or candidiasis, can form in the nipples or chest, because it feeds on milk. The infection forms from an overgrowth of the Candida organism. Candida exists in our body is kept at healthy levels of bacteria that occur naturally in our bodies. When the natural balance of bacteria is upset, Candida can proliferate, causing an infection.

An important sign of a yeast infection is if you have nipple pain that lasts more than a few days, even after making sure that your baby has a good grip. Or, you suddenly can sore nipples after several weeks of pain-free breastfeeding. Some other signs of fungal infection are pink, shiny nipples itchy or scaly and cracked nipples or deep pink and swollen. You can also have breast pain or shooting pains in the chest deep, during or after meals.

Causes of thrush are:

Baby Thrush in the mouth, which can convey to you

Extreme humidity on the skin or nipples that are sore or cracked

Antibiotics or steroids

Chronic diseases such as HIV, diabetes or anemia

Thrush in the mouth of a baby appears as small white spots inside the cheeks, gums or tongue. Many babies with thrush refuse to breastfeed, or are fussy or gassy foods. Fungal infection of a baby may also appear as a diaper rash that looks like little red dots around the main eruption. This rash will not go away by the regular use of creams for diaper dermatitis.

What you can do

Fungal infections can take several weeks to heal, so it is important to follow these tips to prevent the spread of infection:

Change nursing pads often disposable.

Wash towels, clothes or coming into contact with the yeast in very hot water (over 122 ° F).

Use a clean bra every day.

Wash your hands often and wash your baby's hands frequently - especially if he or she sucks his thumb.

Put pacifiers, bottle nipples, or toys your baby puts in his mouth in a container with water and boil roaring day. After a week of treatment, discard the pacifiers and nipples and buy new ones.

Boil all days all pump parts that touch breast milk.

Make sure other family members are free of mold or other fungal infections. If they have symptoms, make sure they are treated.

Mastitis Breast Infection

Mastitis (Mast-EYE-TISS) is a pain or lump in the breast that may be accompanied by fever and / or flu symptoms such as decay or very painful. Some women with a breast infection also have nausea and vomiting. There may also be yellowish discharge from the nipple that looks like colostrum. Or, the breasts may feel warm or hot to the touch and pink or red. A sinus infection can occur when family members have a cold or flu. It usually occurs only in one breast. That is not always easy to tell the difference between a chest infection and a blocked duct, because both have similar symptoms and can improve 24 to 48 hours. Most chest infections that do not improve themselves within that period should be treated with drugs administered by a physician. (More information about drugs and breastfeeding breastfeeding on our record.)

What you can do

Breastfeed often on the affected side, as often as every two hours. This prevents the milk move freely, keeping your chest too full.

Massage the area, starting behind the sore spot. Use your fingers to a circular motion and massage toward the nipple.

Applying heat to the area of ​​the wound with a hot compress.

Get more sleep or relax with your feet to help speed healing. Often, an infection of the breast is the first sign that the mother is actually too much and too tired.

Use a properly fitted support bra, which is not too tight as it can strengthen the milk ducts.

Plugged Ducts

And 'common for many women is connected to the channel at a certain stage of lactation. Plugged milk duct feels tender and sore for a piece of the breast. It does not involve a fever or other symptoms. It happens when a milk duct does not drain properly and becomes inflamed. Then the pressure builds up behind the plug, and surrounding tissue becomes inflamed. Piping connected usually occurs only in one breast at a time.

What you can do

Breastfeed frequently on the affected side, how many times every two hours. This helps loosen the cap, and keep the milk moving freely.

Massage the area, starting behind the sore spot. Use your fingers in a circular motion and massage toward the nipple.

Use a hot compress on the painful area.

Get more sleep or relaxing with your feet to help speed healing. Often, a conduit connected is the first sign that the mother is too.

Use a properly fitted support bra, which is not too tight as it can strengthen the milk ducts. Consider trying a bra bra.

Engorgement Due To Breastfeeding

It is normal for your breasts become larger, heavier and a little sensitive when they start to drink more milk. Sometimes this fullness can become a bottleneck, when your breasts feel very hard and painful. You can also have breast swelling, tenderness, warmth, redness, throbbing and flattening of the nipple. Congestion sometimes cause a slight fever can be confused with a sinus infection. The bottleneck is the result of the introduction of milk. It usually occurs in the third and fifth day after birth, but can occur at any time.

Engorgement can lead to satellite channels or a breast infection, so it is important to try to prevent it before it happens. If treated properly, should solve the congestion.

What you can do

Breastfeed often after birth, allowing the baby to nurse until he or she likes, provided he or she is positioned correctly and sucking effectively. In the first weeks after birth, you should leave your baby to nurse if four hours have passed since the beginning of the previous feeding.

Working with a lactation consultant to improve child safety.

Breastfeed frequently on the affected side, remove the milk, keep it moving freely, and prevent the breasts from becoming too full.

Avoid excessive use of pacifiers and bottles to use to supplement feedings.

Hand or pump some milk for the first breast, areola and nipple before breastfeeding.

Massage the chest.

Use cold compresses between feedings to help ease the pain.

If you return to work, trying to express milk at the same time the baby nursed at home. Or, you can extract at least every four hours.

Get enough rest, proper nutrition and fluids.

Use a fitted, supportive bra, which is not too tight.

Oversupply Of Milk

Some mothers worry about having a surplus of milk. For a chest overflowing can make breastfeeding uncomfortable and stressful for mom and baby.

What you can do

On the opposite side of each breast. Continue to provide the same side less than two hours before the next full power, gradually increasing the time for feeding.

If the other breast feels incredibly complete before you are ready to breastfeed her, hand express a few minutes to relieve pressure. You can also use a cold compress or washcloth to reduce discomfort and swelling.

Your child before it becomes too hungry to prevent aggression sucks. (See signs of hunger now acting tips to help you.)

Try positions that do not allow gravity to help with milk ejection, such as lying sideways or in the hold of football. (See Breastfeeding is the section of illustrations of these positions.)

Burp your baby often, if it is talkative.

Some women have a strong milk ejection reflex, or disappointed. This can be done with an oversupply of milk. If you have a rush of milk, try the following:

Hold your nipple between your index and middle finger, or half of your hand gently squeeze the milk ducts to reduce the emission power of milk.

If the child chokes or spits, or release him and let the excess milk spray into a towel or cloth.

Let your baby in and out of the breast.